What it is about?Diabetes Mellito is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, improper absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of hormonal insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
What should be food?A balanced diet, including a large amount of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, low -fat proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes control the blood sugar level.
General rules of power for diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most pressing problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013 the number of patients diagnosed has doubled.At the moment, more than 425 million people suffer from him.The forecast, alas, is grim.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients in the world will be 629 million.
Diabetes Mellito is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, improper absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of hormonal insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
Consequently, patients develop hyperglycaemia, which is characterized by persistent high blood sugar.Diabetes Mellito leads to a violation of each type of metabolism, that is, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and water rooms.
It is worth noting for what reasons the disease develops.When a person has destruction or pancreatic cells destroy, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Very often, in such a situation, an absolute insulin deficiency occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as various external factors: food habits, viral diseases, violation of the principles of hygiene, etc.
In the type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance develops.Within this type, the deficiency of insulin is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, all patients find an increase in blood sugar levels.Cells are missing from carbohydrates due to their glucose resistance.That is, the glucose, instead of entering the cell, simply floats in the blood.
Every patient suffering from diabetes must follow the diet prescribed by the doctor.The patient should reduce the carbohydrate load by 5-7%, while the amount of fat consumed should be increased.
Not long ago, diet for diabetes meant the complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.But today patients' diets are compiled individually, calculated by the Kbzhu.Often you can hear the following phrase from the diabetics themselves: "With diabetes there are no severe bans, there is only a healthy lifestyle".
The basis for a diet is a glycemic index which shows the rate of sugar intake.
A high glycemic index has a high content of simple carbohydrates.These include pastries, jam, biscuits, etc.That is, sugar is absorbed by them quite quickly.Croats, vegetables and fruits have a low index, respectively, the intake rate when using them decreases.This allows the pancreas to be easier to cope with the load.
Important:The patient's diet should include products, whose glycemic index is less than 55. Their splitting occurs gradually and blood sugar levels practically do not increase.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows how much insulin it will be increased after its consumption.The value must be taken into consideration by each patient with diabetes to predict what the reaction of the body will be to the use of a certain food, as well as to correctly calculate the dosage of insulin as a drug, short and prolonged.The injections of the drug are prescribed by a doctor after eating.
In fact, the patient is eaten, the meal in any case will come to the release of insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of "insulin oscillations" the more there are, the greater the probability of resistance.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. Let's give an example.
Many of us are inclined to believe that Lattiero -Caseari Lattiero -Caseari and fermented products, such as Cottage, Kefir, Yogurt, are the perfect snack.In fact, all these products have a very high insulin index.Therefore, the use of them forces the swing of the swing which leads to a change in the emotional background, scarce mood and irritability of the patient.
Below we will analyze the base of nutrition for diabetes.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
An adequate balanced diet in type 1 diabetes opens the following possibilities: reduce stroke risks, heart attacks and complications, maintain the normal level of blood sugar, increase the protective mechanisms of the immune system and get rid of excess weight.Except for the diet recommended by the attending physician, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to control the level of glucose in the blood, it should vary in the interval from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:
- More than 2 thousand kilocalories should not be consumed daily.
- Fractional power, in small portions.At least 5 meals a day.
- There should not be pure sucrose in the diet, this will maintain a normal level of glucose.
- Most carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Abstinence from late meals.
- The maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates contained in cooking, jams, pastries and honey.
- Using a sum.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to give preference to products with a natural composition.
- Build a graphic designer with insulin therapy at the time of food.The prolonged drug is administered before meals, a short -action medicine - after.
- Maintain the accounting of bread units.The value of each reception should not exceed 8 bread units.
If the patient has a history of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it should be excluded from its salted diet, smoked, fat (including the Bulon), coffee, soda, alcohol, mushrooms, canned products.In other words, what contributes to the excessive secretion of enzymes should not be used, since they influence the absorption speed of carbohydrates.
For diabetics, the products are divided into permitted and prohibited.The following classification must be taken into consideration when filling in a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize the level of glucose in the blood.Ignoring nutritionists' recommendations can lead to sad consequences.
Products proceed for type 1 diabetes:
- Prepared cast without yeast.For example, Lavash.
- Berries and fruits.For example, plum, cherry, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including soups.
- Drinks, including poorly carbonated mineral water, mouss from berries, unwelcome compounds.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, courgettes, pepper, beets, carrots.
- Walnuts.
- Nick -fed Coffee, sugar -free tea.
Prohibited products for type 1 diabetes:
- Great soups and broths.
- Pasta.
- Oven.
- Confectionery.
- Sweets and chocolate.
- Fast food dishes, semi -final products.
- Alcohol.A special ban is red dessert wine.
- Smoked, acute, strongly salty.
- Fatty meat, especially pork, lamb, duck.
- Fatty fish.For example, clear.
It is important that the products in the diet have a minimum degree of processing during preparation.
It is advisable to eat vegetables and fruits raw, but in stewed, boiled or baked - it is also allowed.Fried food is not recommended by doctors.
If the patient plays sports, during the period of intense loads, food can be regulated, since training leads to greater carbohydrate consumption.
In order to avoid a hyperglycemic coma, the patient is recommended in his diet to include vegetable products, which reduces blood sugar.It can be, for example, a decoction of blueberries or a rose tea.
Important:In the presence of a disease, the patient should join an individual diet prescribed by the doctor and not by general recommendations.If in a patient who makes insulin, the body mass index indicates obesity, his daily calories should be from 1200 to 1400 kcal.If a weight correction is not necessary, the daily caloric rate increases.
Type 2 diabetes diet
The type 2 diabetes power supply is based on the following bases:
- Sugar -Stitites are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should be 20 %of the diet, fat - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- The consumption of animal fat should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily caloric rate depends on the amount of energy that the patient spends during the day and his weight.It is necessary that during the day there are 5 meals, dishes for which they are cooked steam or served in boiled form.
Since diabetics have a greater sensitivity of kidneys, it is not possible to exaggerate with protein products.The diet must include those products that help improve fat metabolism.These include bran, rosehip flowers, vegetable oils, cereals, products -fermented -casear.
To understand how effective the diet is, the patient is prescribed for blood sugar tests with a certain frequency.The first blood fence is made on an empty stomach, later in two hours.If the results differ from normal indicators, the doctor regulates the patient's diet and also changes the dosage of drugs.
The type 2 diabetes diet is not very different from the eating habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both eat small portions, but often.The recommended number of meals per day is 5, they include 3 main meals, each equal to 5-8 bread units, and 2 snacks, equal to 1-2 bread units.
Breakfast cannot be ignored;It is very important for a balanced diet.You have to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is no more than an hour and a half before going to sleep.Following these recommendations is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, eye damage (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and nervous system (neuropathy).
Healthy foods for diabetes
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, normalizes the level of glucose in the patient's blood and improves blood coagulation.It is recommended to use it daily.
Whole grains
Foods such as wholemeal bread, quinoa seeds and wholemeal rice prevent the development of diabetes.The normalization of glucose levels in the blood due to their consumption can be explained by the sufficient amount of fiber in their composition.Since whole grains create a barrier against sugar peaks, if you want to eat something with a particularly high glycemic index, you should absolutely add complex carbohydrates to the dish.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps to improve the sensitivity of insulin cells.This spice takes part in the adjustment of the insulin level.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, therefore it is recommended to use it not only to diabetics, but also to hypertension.
Citrus
Any citrus fruits have antioxidants.They also normalize the insulin level.
Walnuts
The walnuts contain a large amount of mono and magnesium saturated fats.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat walnuts suffer less than others for glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.In addition, the product regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
Fish
Fish is the source of Omega-3.These fatty acids should be a mandatory component of nutrition in diabetes.They summarize red blood cells, as well as cell membranes, positively influence the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Legumes are another stabilizer of the patient's glucose levels.They practically do not have saturated fats that damage the cardiovascular system.
Green sheet metal vegetables
Salad leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are the base of the diet in diabetes.These products are low in calorie, but at the same time they contain a sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter include vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes of 14 %.Recommended dosage - 106 grams per day.
Prohibited products for diabetes mellito
Today, doctors are of the opinion that it is not necessary to rigorously limit patients with diabetes in the diet.Patients can afford to eat tasty and diversified, but there are a number of products from which it is still recommended to abstain, not only with diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruits
Some dried fruits and fruits cause an increase in blood sugar.These include dry apricots, dates, figs, raisins, persimmons, melon, grapes, bananas.
Transfinition
Transfiers are rich in dishes from a fast food menu, as well as margarine, pastry.They give not only health, but also a figure.
Semi -final products
Semifinite products are prepared using additives such as aromas, stabilizers, aromas amplifiers.In particular, it is not recommended to buy fish sticks, cutlets, meatballs, sausages, gnocchi and sausage in the shops.If you really want, it is better to cook them alone.
Fatty foods
Great food causes blood sugar.Power supply for diabetes should not include ducks, pork, lamb, lard, mayonnaise and dairy products -fatty -old fat.
Oven
Ace cooking should also be excluded.It includes baked goods, muffins and biscuits.
Sweet
It is necessary to abandon sugar in its pure form, as well as by products that contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, jam, Halva, jam, jam and other desserts.
Table no.9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, 15 diets for diabetics and patients with other diseases were developed.Their paternity belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Despite the fact that today its system is obsolete has not lost its effectiveness, so today many doctors still use it.
A place for patients with type 2 diabetes - in 9 tables.Table no.9 is based on the same principles used today: partial or complete refusal of rapid carbohydrates, particular attention to proteins and fibers.
The diet can still be used, even if it has been created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Gestational diabetes diet
Gestational diabetes is a consequence of a malformation of a pancreas of a pregnant woman.As a rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, shabby, fruit with a high sugar content, as well as replacement of sugar and products containing.
- Bju should have the following proportions: 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- It is necessary to drink daily from 1.5 to 2 liters of clean drinking water.
- Include amidaceous products in the diet, including cereals, legumes, battles, beets, radishes and products that can be fermented.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, of which 3 are the main snacks and 2.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for waiting mothers.
- To reduce sugar, drink decoctions from plants: celery, linden, lilac, blueberries and beans.
- Refuse or limit caffeine in the diet.The number of portions of tea and coffee should not exceed 2 days a day.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of the development of diabetes in children are a hereditary predisposition or the lack of rational nutrition.In the latter case, we are talking about the abuse of simple and sweet carbohydrates.In some cases, diabetes in a child appears following mental or physical trauma.The treatment is selected individually according to the severity of the disease, the main role is played by nutrition and introduction of insulin, if we are talking about type 1 diabetes.
Children's nutrition in diabetes must include vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain a minimum amount of sugar.Low fat, poultry and fish are also allowed.Lattiero -Caseari products - provided they have a low percentage of fat content.The eligible spices that improve the absorption of proteins are acceptable.
Pastry and sweet fruits - under a rigorous ban.Rice is also recommended to be excluded.
The doctors present teach parents of their minor patients to calculate the amount of bread unit and the dosage of insulin.IMPORTANT: First the child learns to do it alone, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes mellitus
It is recommended to rigorously limit alcohol if it is not possible to completely abandon its use.As for alcohol can be caused by a patient with a patient diabetes.
Alcohol in a small quantity is allowed, but here it is important to remember some things.
More stronger alcohol, more calories in it.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is not much less than in fats.Any alcoholic drink also has an energy value, it also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is around 200 kilocalories and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why don't you recommend drinking alcohol?The fact is that it causes sugar jumps and can lead to hypoglycaemia, i.e. a strong decrease in glucose levels.When they drink alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ spend its energy for the breakdown of alcohol molecules and forgets that it must also release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is better to take alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
By the way, some scientists are of the opinion that alcohol in reasonable quantities not only not damage, but also has few benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes the growth of glucose levels, its regular use can lead to the development of second type diabetes.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.Among these there are insulin and sulfonilmochevine.This combination can cause strong hyperglycaemia.
How to drink alcohol suffering from diabetes?
- Consider the caloric alcohol content together with the usual diet.
- Give preference to low calorie drinks where there are few calories.
- Don't drink empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Check the level of glucose in the blood.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn on your illness.Let people be ready to provide emergency assistance if necessary.
- Don't mix alcohol and medicine.